Diabetes and periodontal (gum) disease are two of the most common chronic health conditions worldwide, and they share a surprisingly close connection. Understanding how they interrelate can help patients take charge of their oral and overall health.
In this issue, we will discuss this unique two-way street relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease.
The two-way relationshipDiabetes affects the body’s ability to process sugar, either due to insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin’s action. High blood sugar levels make it harder for the body to fight infections, including those in the mouth. This means that people with diabetes are at higher risk of developing gum disease, which is an infection of the tissues that support the teeth.
On the other hand, untreated periodontal disease can worsen diabetes control. The chronic inflammation and infection in the gums release harmful bacteria and inflammatory markers into the bloodstream, which can raise blood sugar levels. In effect, gum disease makes it harder to keep diabetes under control, creating a cycle where each condition feeds into the other.
Signs to watch forEarly gum disease (gingivitis) may cause red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushing or flossing. As it progresses to periodontitis, symptoms can include persistent bad breath, gum recession, loose teeth, and even tooth loss. For people with diabetes, these symptoms may develop faster and more severely than in the general population.
The role of medicationsMedications play an important role in managing both conditions, but they can also influence oral health.
• Diabetes medications help control blood sugar, which in turn reduces the risk of infections in the mouth. Good glucose control is key to keeping gums healthy.
• Certain drugs, such as blood pressure medications, antidepressants, and some diabetes drugs, may cause dry mouth. Reduced saliva flow increases the risk of cavities and gum disease, since saliva helps wash away bacteria.
• Insulin and newer therapies can improve gum health indirectly by stabilizing blood sugar levels, thereby reducing the body’s inflammatory response.
Dentists and physicians often work together to adjust treatments, ensuring medications for one condition don’t worsen the other.
A whole-health outlookThe good news is that managing one condition helps the other. Patients who keep their blood sugar within the target range tend to have healthier gums, and those who receive professional periodontal treatment often find it easier to control their blood sugar.
A comprehensive approach includes:
• Strict daily oral hygiene (brushing, flossing, and antibacterial rinses);
• Regular dental checkups and cleanings;
• Healthy lifestyle choices: balanced diet, exercise, and smoking cessation;
• Open communication between dentist, physician, and patient about medications and health changes.
Diabetes and periodontal disease are more than just separate health problems, they are interconnected conditions that demand a holistic approach. By controlling blood sugar, staying vigilant about gum health, and coordinating care among healthcare providers, patients can break the cycle and enjoy better oral health, improved diabetes management, and a brighter overall outlook.
• Dr. Kendal V. O. Major is the founder and CEO of Center for Specialized Dentistry, which is a comprehensive family dental practice operating in Nassau. He is the first Bahamian specialist in gum diseases and dental implants since 1989. He also is a certified Fastbraces provider. His practice is located at 89 Collins Avenue, Nassau at (242)325-5165 or kmajorcsd@gmail.com.
